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无令状逮捕案件中所需要的合理可能

  
  Mr. Draper was convicted in federal district court and the court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court took the case and in it an opportunity to make three very positive statements about warrantless arrests. First, like our G.S. 15A-401(b)(1), the federal agents have a statute which authorizes them to make a warrantless arrest if they have probable cause to believe that a crime is being committed in their presence. While we may take such arrests for granted, it would be in the best interests of all law enforcement officers to review their arrest authority as established in G.S. 15A-401.

  
  联邦地区法院确认德雷普有罪,联邦上诉法院维持了地区法院的裁判。联邦最高法院利用本案确立了三个关于无令状情况下的逮捕规则。其一,联邦特工有制定法上的授权允许他们在存在合理可能相信确有犯罪在联邦特工在场的场合下正在发生时,可以实施无令状的逮捕;在我们把这类逮捕看作理所当然之时,所有执法官员出于其自身最佳利益考虑,应当在规定于G.S. 15A-401条款范围内审视其逮捕职权。

  
  Second, the Supreme Court made it very clear that you may use hearsay to establish probable cause in arrest and search situations. While hearsay evidence may generally not be admitted at a criminal trial (although there are certain exceptions), it may always be used to establish probable cause for a warrantless arrest or search (as well as those with warrants). The test that magistrates and all courts in this state use to establish probable cause is the totality-of-the-circumstances test. This test authorizes the use of such hearsay information to establish probable cause. Never hesitate to use hearsay information to help establish probable cause. The most common use of hearsay is the confidential informant''''s information used to establish probable cause to search a place for drugs.

  
  其次,最高法院明确可以使用“间接听闻”作为事实依据并可以此依据建立起实施逮捕和搜查所需的“合理可能”。除了例外情况,一般在刑事审判中间接所闻证据不能作为定案证据使用;但是间接所闻的信息可以成为无令状逮捕和搜查所需的形成合理可能所需的事实和情势。因为,在判断是否形成“合理可能”时治安法官和所有的法院都要以“总体情势”作出考虑衡量。这就意味着允许依据间接所闻的信息建立起合理可能。而最常见的使用间接所闻信息即是在涉毒案件中使用机密线人提供的信息建立起合理可能并对场所实施为获取毒品的搜查。


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