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美国惩罚性赔偿制度研究


Wendy S. Kennedy,The Constitutionality of Punitive Damages Awards and Recent Proposed Legislation,17 J. Prod. & Toxics Liab.245,249 (1995).

Gerald W. Boston, Environmental Torts and Punitive Damages (Part One), 14 J.Prod. Liab. 1, 38 (1992).

参见《美国侵权法重述》(第二次)第8A条。

同注[12],第27页。

同注[11],第18页。

Browning-Ferris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257, 301 (1989) (O'Connor, J., concurring and dissenting).

See Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 413 S.E.2d 897 ( W. Va. 1991).

James R.Mckoom, Punitive Damages: State Trends and Developments,Spring, 1995 14 Rev. Litig. 419. Also see Las Palmas Assoc. v. Las Palmas Ctr., 1 Cal. Rptr. 2d 301, 323 (1991).

同注[54]。

同注[53]。

Duffy, Punitive Damages: A Doctrine Which Should Be Abolished, in the Case Against Punitive Damages ,4 (Defense Research Institute Monograph 1969).

同注[11],第24-25页。

Utah Code Ann. 78-18-1(3) (1992).

Paul C. Feinberg, FederalIncome Taxation of Punitive Damages Awarded in Personal Injury Actions , 42 Case W. Res. L. Rev.339,355 (1992).

同注[12],第41页。

See Stephen D.Sugarman, Doing Away with Tort Law , 73 Cal. L. Rev. 555, 660 (1985) (observing victims' and societies' need for retribution).

Janet Malloy Link, When a Sting Is Overkill: An Argument for the Discharge of Punitive Damages in Bankruptcy ,94 Colum. L.Rev.2724, 2740 (1994).

See Cass R. Sunstein,Daniel Kahneman,and David Schjade, Assessing Punitive Damages with Notes on Cognition and Valuation in Law ,107 the yale law journal,2071,2084(1998).

Prosser,Torts,5th ed.1984,p.11.

Vincent R.Johnson, Mastering Torts, Ceroline Academic Press, 1995,p.15.

Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 119 Cal. App. 3d 757, 775-76, 174 Cal. Rptr. 348,360-61 (1981).

陈聪富:“美国惩罚性赔偿金的发展趋势”,《台大法学论丛》第27卷第一期,第13页。

Ghiardi & Kircher, Punitives Damages Recovery in Products Liability Cases ,65 marq.L.rev.1,47(1982). the amount of these damages.

同注

See Richand A. Posner,economic analysis of law 228(1998).New York:Aspen Law and Business.

同注53。

Paul M. Sykes, Note, Marking a Road to Nowhere? Supreme Court Sets Punitive Damages Guideposts in BMW v. Gore, 75 N.C. L. Rev. 1084, 1085 (1997).See Comment, Criminal Safeguards and the Punitive Damages Defendant, 34 U. Chi. L. Rev. 408 (1967).


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